Comprehensive Overview of Gas Compression Packages: Design, Applications, and Standards

Comprehensive Overview of Gas Compression Packages: Design, Applications, and Standards

Introduction

Gas compression packages play a crucial role in the oil and gas industry by enabling the gathering, processing, and transportation of natural gas from production fields to downstream processing facilities. These packages are designed for various applications, including boosting pipeline pressure, gas storage, and enhancing production efficiency. This article explores the engineering principles behind gas compression packages, including design considerations, material selection, key components, safety measures, international standards, and maintenance practices.

Principles of Gas Compression

Gas compression is the process of increasing the pressure of natural gas to facilitate its transportation and utilization. The process follows the fundamental thermodynamic principles of the ideal gas law:

tPV = nRT

where:

• P = Pressure

• V = Volume

• n = Number of moles of gas

• R = Gas constant

• T = Temperature

As gas is compressed, its pressure increases while its volume decreases. To prevent excessive temperature rise, cooling mechanisms such as intercoolers and aftercoolers are used.

Types of Gas Compressors

Gas compression packages are categorized based on the type of compressor used:

1. Reciprocating Compressors:

   • Positive displacement type

   • Driven by gas engines or electric motors

   • Suitable for high-pressure applications

   • Used in gas lift operations and pipeline boosting

2. Rotary Screw Compressors:

   • Continuous compression mechanism

   • Less maintenance-intensive

   • Suitable for medium-pressure applications

3. Centrifugal Compressors:

   • Dynamic compression principle

   • Used in high-flow applications such as LNG plants

   • Efficient for large-scale gas transmission

4. Axial Compressors:

   • Suitable for large gas volumes with moderate pressure ratios

   • Used in gas turbine power plants and industrial applications

Applications of Gas Compression Packages

• Gas Gathering Systems: Collecting gas from wellheads and transporting it to processing plants.

• Pipeline Transmission: Increasing gas pressure to maintain flow through long-distance pipelines.

• Gas Storage: Injecting gas into underground reservoirs for future use.

• Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR): Injecting high-pressure gas into oil reservoirs to improve extraction.

• LNG Production: Compressing natural gas for liquefaction and transportation.

• Petrochemical and Refining: Processing hydrocarbons for downstream industrial applications.

Key Components of a Gas Compression Package

1. Compressor Unit: The core component responsible for gas compression.

2. Driver (Prime Mover):

   • Gas-fueled reciprocating engines

   • Variable speed electric motors

3. Coolers:

   • Intercoolers reduce gas temperature between compression stages.

   • Aftercoolers lower gas temperature before delivery.

4. Piping and Valves:

   • High-pressure pipelines

   • Check valves, safety relief valves, and pressure control valves

5. Lubrication System:

   • Ensures smooth operation and minimizes wear and tear.

6. Control and Monitoring Systems:

   • Pressure, temperature, and flow measurement devices.

   • SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) for remote monitoring.

7. Safety Systems:

   • Emergency Shutdown (ESD) systems

   • Fire and gas detection sensors

   • Blowdown valves

Material Selection and Standards

Gas compression packages are constructed using high-strength materials to withstand extreme pressure and temperature variations. Common materials include:

• Carbon Steel: Used for high-pressure pipelines and structural components.

• Stainless Steel: Provides corrosion resistance for offshore and sour gas applications.

• Nickel Alloys: Suitable for cryogenic and extreme temperature conditions.

International Standards and Regulations

To ensure safety and reliability, gas compression packages must comply with global industry standards, such as:

• API 618 – Reciprocating compressors for petroleum, chemical, and gas industries.

• API 619 – Rotary-type compressors for gas handling.

• API 672 – Packaged centrifugal compressors.

• ASME B31.3 – Process piping standards.

• ASME BPVC Section VIII – Pressure vessel design requirements.

• ISO 10440 – International standard for reciprocating compressors.

• NFPA 70 (NEC) – Electrical safety in hazardous locations.

Operational Safety Measures

1. Pressure Relief Systems:

   • Overpressure protection through relief valves.

2. Gas Detection Systems:

   • Continuous monitoring of leaks.

3. Emergency Shutdown (ESD) Systems:

   • Automatic shutdown during unsafe conditions.

4. Fire Suppression Systems:

   • Foam and water-based extinguishing systems.

5. Routine Inspections & Maintenance:

   • Periodic testing in accordance with API and ASME standards.

Maintenance Strategies

1. Preventive Maintenance:

   • Regular inspection of seals, bearings, and lubrication systems.

2. Predictive Maintenance:

   • Condition monitoring using vibration analysis and thermal imaging.

3. Corrective Maintenance:

   • Repairs and part replacements as needed.

4. Preservation Instructions:

   • Protective measures for idle or stored equipment.

Conclusion

Gas compression packages are essential in optimizing natural gas transportation, processing, and storage. With proper design, material selection, compliance with international standards, and rigorous safety protocols, these systems can operate efficiently and safely. As the energy industry evolves, advancements in automation, predictive maintenance, and environmentally friendly technologies will continue to enhance the performance of gas compression systems.

Comprehensive Engineering Guide to Cooling Water Systems and Fin Fan Coolers

Comprehensive Engineering Guide to Cooling Water Systems and Fin Fan Coolers

Introduction

Cooling water systems and fin fan coolers play a crucial role in industrial heat dissipation, particularly in power generation, petrochemical, and oil & gas sectors. These systems efficiently transfer excess heat from critical equipment components, ensuring operational stability and prolonging equipment lifespan. This article explores the fundamental design principles, operational mechanisms, performance considerations, safety requirements, and maintenance strategies associated with cooling water systems and fin fan coolers.

---

Cooling Water System Overview

Function and Applications

A cooling water system is a heat exchange network designed to dissipate excess thermal energy from equipment, maintaining optimal operating temperatures. Common industrial applications include:

• Power Generation Plants (Gas turbines, steam turbines, and generators)

• Petrochemical Refineries (Heat exchangers, reactors, and compressors)

• Manufacturing Facilities (Machinery cooling and process stabilization)

• HVAC Systems (Building and industrial process cooling)

Heat Exchange Mechanism

Cooling water systems facilitate heat dissipation via a closed-loop or open-loop circuit. The heated water passes through a heat exchanger, where it absorbs thermal energy from process equipment such as:

• Lube Oil Exchangers (Cooling lubricating oil to maintain viscosity and prevent overheating)

• Flame Detectors (Maintaining detector sensitivity and preventing heat damage)

• Turbine Support Legs (Preventing thermal expansion and maintaining structural integrity)

• Winding Generators (Regulating temperature to avoid insulation degradation)

After absorbing heat, the cooling water enters the Fin Fan Cooler for temperature reduction before recirculating.

---

Fin Fan Cooler: Structure and Functionality

Principle of Operation

A fin fan cooler is an air-cooled heat exchanger designed to reject heat from process fluids into the ambient environment using forced convection. It operates on a crossflow heat exchange mechanism, where:

• Hot cooling water flows through internally finned tubes.

• Ambient air, drawn by a motor-driven fan, flows perpendicular to the tubes, absorbing heat from the water.

• The temperature of cooling water decreases before re-entering the system.

Key Components of Fin Fan Coolers

Mechanical Components:

• Heat Exchanger Tubes: Finned tubes enhance heat transfer efficiency.

• Cooling Fans: Generate airflow across heat exchanger tubes.

• Fan Drive System: Consists of electric motors, belts, or gear drives.

• Tube Bundle Support Structure: Provides stability to finned tubes.

• Plenum Chamber: Directs airflow uniformly over the tube bundles.

• Dampers & Louvers: Regulate airflow for temperature control.

Electrical Components:

• Electric Motors: Provide rotational force to fan blades.

• Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs): Adjust fan speed based on temperature demands.

• Control Panels: Monitor and regulate electrical components.

Instrumentation and Control Systems:

• Temperature Sensors (RTDs/Thermocouples): Monitor fluid temperature at inlet and outlet.

• Pressure Transmitters: Ensure optimal fluid flow and detect blockages.

• Flow Meters: Measure water circulation rate.

• Vibration Sensors: Detect mechanical faults in fan blades and motors.

---

Design and Engineering Considerations

Heat Transfer Calculation

The heat transfer rate (˜Q) for a fin fan cooler can be expressed as: $Q = U × A × ∆T$ Where:

• $Q$ = Heat dissipation rate (W)

• $U$ = Overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m²K)

• $A$ = Heat exchanger surface area (m²)

• $∆T$ = Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)

LMTD Formula: $LMTD = \frac{(T_{hot,in} - T_{cold,out}) - (T_{hot,out} - T_{cold,in})}{ln \left( \frac{T_{hot,in} - T_{cold,out}}{T_{hot,out} - T_{cold,in}} \right) }$

Material Selection and Standards

Material selection is critical for durability and efficiency. Common materials used include:

• Tubes & Fins: Carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminum, or copper

• Fan Blades: Aluminum, fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP)

• Supporting Structures: Galvanized steel or stainless steel

Applicable standards for design and fabrication:

• API 661: Air-cooled heat exchanger design

• ASME Section VIII: Pressure vessel and exchanger standards

• TEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association): Guidelines for heat exchanger fabrication

• ANSI/ASHRAE 90.1: Energy efficiency regulations for cooling systems

---

Performance Monitoring and Maintenance

Cooling Water Performance Parameters

• Inlet Temperature: Typically ~50°C

• Outlet Temperature: Maintained below 45°C

• Flow Rate: Adjusted based on heat load

• Fan Speed: Optimized for maximum efficiency

Types of Maintenance

1. Preventive Maintenance: Scheduled inspections, lubrication, and component replacement.

2. Corrective Maintenance: Repairing faulty components (motors, belts, fans, etc.).

3. Preservation Maintenance: Long-term storage preparation (rust inhibitors, desiccants, sealing).

---

Safety Standards and Operational Guidelines

Ensuring safe operation of fin fan coolers involves adherence to international safety regulations:

• OSHA 1910.119: Process Safety Management (PSM) for hazardous cooling systems

• NFPA 70E: Electrical safety for maintenance personnel

• IEC 60079: Explosion protection in hazardous environments

• ISO 45001: Occupational health and safety standards

Key Safety Equipment

• Emergency Shutdown (ESD) System: Triggers automatic fan shutdown in case of overheating.

• Fire Suppression System: Prevents ignition in high-risk zones.

• Leak Detection Sensors: Identify coolant leaks before escalation.

• Access Platforms & Guardrails: Provide safe maintenance access.

---

Conclusion

Cooling water systems and fin fan coolers are critical for efficient heat management in industrial applications. Their proper design, material selection, instrumentation, and maintenance ensure optimal performance and safety compliance. Adopting a proactive monitoring strategy enhances reliability, reduces downtime, and maximizes operational efficiency. As industry standards evolve, continuous improvement in fin fan cooler technology will drive greater efficiency and sustainability in thermal management systems.

Spherical Storage Tank Design: Engineering Considerations and Standards

Spherical Storage Tank Design: Engineering Considerations and Standards

Introduction

Spherical storage tanks are widely used in the oil and gas, chemical, and petrochemical industries for the storage of liquefied gases and other pressurized fluids. Compared to cylindrical tanks, spherical tanks offer structural advantages due to their uniform distribution of stress and reduced material consumption per unit volume stored. This article explores the principles of spherical tank design, including structural analysis, material selection, fabrication methods, safety measures, operational considerations, and applicable international standards.

Advantages of Spherical Tanks

1. Uniform Stress Distribution: The spherical shape ensures that internal pressure is evenly distributed across the tank surface, minimizing localized stress concentrations.

2. Material Efficiency: A sphere has the least surface area for a given volume, reducing material costs.

3. Higher Pressure Resistance: Due to its shape, a spherical tank can withstand higher internal pressures compared to cylindrical tanks.

4. Enhanced Stability: The symmetrical shape provides better resistance to external forces, including wind and seismic loads.

5. Reduced Sloshing Effects: The absence of sharp corners helps minimize turbulence and sloshing, which is critical for liquid storage.

Applications in Industry

Spherical storage tanks are primarily used in industries that require high-pressure storage, including:

• Oil & Gas Industry: Storage of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), and other hydrocarbons.

• Chemical Industry: Storage of ammonia, chlorine, and other industrial gases.

• Petrochemical Industry: Storage of feedstocks and intermediate products.

• Cryogenic Applications: Storage of liquid nitrogen, oxygen, and other cryogenic substances.

• Aerospace Industry: Used for storing rocket propellants under extreme pressure and temperature conditions.

Basic Design Principles

Volume and Surface Area Calculations

The volume V of a spherical storage tank is given by:

$$V = \frac{4}{3} \pi R^3$$

where $R$ is the radius of the sphere.

The surface area $A$ is given by:

$$A = 4 \pi R^2$$

For a given volume, a sphere minimizes surface area, leading to reduced heat transfer losses and material costs.

Wall Thickness Calculation

The required wall thickness t for a spherical pressure vessel under internal pressure P is determined using the thin-wall pressure vessel equation:

$$t = \frac{P R}{2 \sigma}$$

where:

P = Internal pressure,
R = Internal radius,
σ = Allowable stress of the material.

For higher pressure applications, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) provides more refined equations incorporating factors such as joint efficiency and corrosion allowances.

$$

Support Structures for Spherical Tanks

Spherical tanks are typically supported using one of the following methods:

1. Leg Supports: Vertical legs attached at the equator distribute the load to the foundation. The number and cross-sectional area of the legs are determined based on the tank weight and wind/seismic loads.

2. Concrete Pedestal Support: A continuous concrete foundation provides uniform support, reducing stress concentrations and improving stability.

3. Conical Skirt Support: A reinforced conical skirt provides excellent dynamic stability and buckling resistance, suitable for regions with high seismic activity.

Instrumentation and Auxiliary Components

To ensure safe and efficient operation, spherical storage tanks are equipped with various instruments and auxiliary systems, including:

1. Level Measurement Devices: Radar, ultrasonic, or float-type level gauges to monitor liquid levels.

2. Pressure and Temperature Sensors: To ensure that the tank operates within safe pressure and temperature limits.

3. Venting and Relief Systems: Safety valves and pressure relief systems to prevent overpressure conditions.

4. Inlet and Outlet Nozzles:

   • Intake (Filling System): Controlled through valves and pumps, ensuring a safe and efficient filling process.

   • Outlet (Discharge System): Equipped with flow control valves to regulate the discharge rate.

5. Emergency Shutdown Systems (ESD): Automated shutdown mechanisms in case of an emergency, such as leaks or overpressure.

6. Fire Protection Systems: Firewater deluge systems, foam systems, and gas suppression systems to prevent or control fires.

7. Insulation and Coatings: Protective layers to prevent corrosion and thermal losses, especially for cryogenic applications.

8. Mixing and Agitation Systems: Some applications require internal mixing to maintain product uniformity.

Safety Equipment and Operational Standards

Operational safety is a key concern when handling high-pressure and hazardous materials. Safety measures include:

• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Operators must wear safety gear such as gloves, helmets, and flame-resistant clothing.

• Gas Detection Systems: Continuous monitoring for leaks of hazardous gases.

• Regular Inspection and Maintenance: Periodic testing of pressure vessels as per API 510 and ASME BPVC requirements.

• Explosion Prevention Measures: Grounding and bonding to prevent electrostatic discharge.

• Emergency Response Plans: Procedures for handling spills, leaks, and fires.

• Lightning Protection Systems: Grounding mechanisms to protect against lightning strikes.

• Remote Monitoring Systems: Digital monitoring and control systems for real-time tank performance assessment.

International Design and Safety Standards

Several international standards govern the design, fabrication, operation, and inspection of spherical storage tanks:

• ASME BPVC Section VIII – Rules for pressure vessel design and safety.

• API 620 – Design and construction of large, low-pressure storage tanks.

• API 650 – Standard for welded tanks for oil storage.

• API 2510 – Design and construction of LPG storage facilities.

• EN 13445 – European standard for unfired pressure vessels.

• ISO 28300 – International standard for tank venting and safety.

• NFPA 58 – Liquefied petroleum gas code for fire and safety measures.

• OSHA 1910.119 – Process safety management of hazardous chemicals.

• ISO 21009 – Cryogenic vessels—Operational safety requirements.

• IEC 60079 – Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres.

Conclusion

Spherical storage tanks are an efficient and robust solution for high-pressure fluid storage. Their design requires careful consideration of material selection, structural integrity, and compliance with international standards to ensure safety and cost-effectiveness. Advanced fabrication techniques, proper instrumentation, support structures, and safety measures enhance their performance, making them an essential component in industrial storage applications. Continuous advancements in monitoring, safety, and automation further improve the reliability and efficiency of spherical storage tanks, ensuring their continued relevance in modern industry.

Deaerator working principle, Types and Process Control

Deaerator working principle, Types and Process Control

Source

Deaerators is commonly employed in any chemical process industry or in Power Plants wherever boiler is utilized for steam production from boiler feed water. Deaerator solves the aim of removal of unwanted dissolved gases and dissolved oxygen from the boiler feed water before going in boilers. Most of the deaerators are designed in such how that the dissolved oxygen content within the outlet water is regarding7 ppb by WTC.

Principle of Dearators

Dearator commonly works based on the subsequent principles.

Henry’s Law

According to Henry’s low is in a liquid the gas solubility is directly proportional to the partial pressure. thus if we tend to decrease the partial pressure of the dissolved gas by adding steam in Deaerator, its solubility decreases and also the gas is faraway from water.

Inverse Solubility of Water

When the temperature of water is growing, the dissolved oxygen content within the water is decreases. Thus the water temp. is growing by inserting steam in Deaerator, the dissolved gas solubility is reduced and also the gases are withdrawal from water.

Types of Deaerators

1. Tray types Deaerator

Tray type deaerators contain perforated trays within the top of the Deaeration section. The bottom portion volume is high for used as storage for boiler feed water. Feed water to deaerator enters into the perforated trays wherever the area and residence time is growing to contact with steam. Then the water goes to the horizontal storage section wherever steam is pass through sparger pipe to withdrawn the remaining traces of dissolved gases and keep the stored water at its saturation temperature.

Tray Deaerator

2. Spray type Deaerator

Spray Deaerator type deaerator contains spray nozzle in feed water entry space. it’s then preheated and deaerated and sent to storage section. In storage section also steam is additional to stay the water at its saturation temperature.

Spray type Deaerator

Process control system in Deaerator

Deaerator operate in very low pressure steam about 0.5 to 1.5 kg/cm2 with can produce in process plant.The low steam sources could also be anyone of the following: Extraction from back pressure turbines, Flash steam recovered from Boiler blow down or letdown steam from high pressure steam header through pressure reducing valve. Steam pressure within the deaerator should be maintained to facilitate the removal of dissolved gases from water and also to produce adequate NPSH to boiler feed pump. Deaerators are commonly put in at high elevation so as to produce enough NPSH within the event of failure in steam pressure control conjointly. Pressure safety valve is additionally fitted to avoid pressurization of deaerator because of malfunctioning of pressure control valve.

Process control system in Deaerator

Water Level control

Main sources of raw water to deaerator are Treated water from water treatment plant and steam condensate from the condensing type turbines. During the stable plant operation the water balance is maintained and through any upset within the higher than said sources water level fluctuates and control is important. High level and low level alarms are provided. Low level might lead to starvation of feed water in pump and High level leads to water entry into steam header. Thus overflow drain is put in to drain the water if very high level is reached.

 

Deaerator Water Level control

 

Other benefits of Deaerator

Dearator acts as an extra storage that provides reserve amount of boiler feed water throughout upstream water supply failure for momentary periods commonly for about twenty minutes.

In some of the Plants, Deaerator is additionally used for dosing oxygen scavenging chemicals like hydrazine or Hydroquinone.

What is a Boiler? & its types

 

Boiler overview

What is a Boiler? & its types

Source

What is Boiler:- A boiler is outlined as “A closed vessel during which water or different liquid is heated, steam or vapor is generated, steam is super heated, or any combination therefrom, besieged or vacuum, to be used external to itself, by the direct application of energy from the combustion of fuels, from electricity or energy ”.

A Brief Introduction :

Boiler may be a main operating element of thermal power plants.

Water is helpful and low-cost medium for transferring heat to a method.

once water is warm into steam its volume will increase regarding 1,600 times, manufacturing a force that’s virtually as explosive as bomb.

This causes the boiler to be extra ordinarily dangerous instruments and equipment will be treated carefully

Liquid once heated to the vaporous state this method is named evaporation.

The heating surface is any a part of the boiler; hot gases of combustion square measure on one facet and water on the opposite. Any a part of the boiler metal that truly contributes to creating steam is heating surface.

the quantity of heating surface of a boiler is expressed in sq. meters.

The larger the heating surface a boiler has, the a lot of economical it becomes.

 

CPP Boiler Plant over view

Fuel Used in Boiler

The list of major fuels that square measure used in boiler systems is given below:

1. N.G. (Natural Gas)

2. Propane

3. Oil

4. Electricity

5. Solids Fuels like Coal & Wood

6. Renewable Energy

Solid Boiler fuels:- Major solid fuels used for burning in a very boiler embody coal and wood. They were the sole fuel sources obtainable to be used in boiler systems before the emergence of heating heating oil. These square measure the most affordable means that of boiler fuels that are becoming exhausted day by day because uncontrolled use.

• Wood
• Coal
• Briquettes
• Pet Coke
• Rice Husk

Liquid Boiler Fuels :

• L.D.O.
• F.O.
• LPG :- In observe, LPG is especially employed in applications wherever the supply of gas is either terribly restricted or expensive. LPG works as a boiler fuel in similar manner as gas. However, the boiler in use should be capable of conversion options so it may be created compatible with LPG.

Major vaporous Boiler Fuels square measure as :

• LPG
• LNG
• PNG are often accustomed do the combustion for the precise purpose.

Components of Boiler System

There square measure three backbone parts of any boiler system:

1. Boiler Feed Water System

Water that converts into steam by vessel system known as Feed water & system that regulates feed water known as Feed water system.

There square measure 2 styles of feed water systems in boilers:

 

Boiler Feed Water Pump Design

• Open feed System
• Closed feed system

There square measure2 main sources of feed water:

• Condensed steam came from the processes
• Raw water organized from outside the boiler plant processes ( Called: Makeup Water)
• Boiler feed pump: Ring-section model with sound stage
• Multi Stage Boiler Feed pump

2. Boiler Steam System

Steam System is quite main dominant system of boiler method. Steam Systems square measure accountable to gather all generated steam within the method.

Steam systems send steam generated within the method to the purpose of use through pipes ( piping system). Throughout the method, steam pressure is controlled and controlled with the assistance of boiler system components like valves, steam pressure gauges etc.

 Process Flow Diagram

There square measure three backbone parts of any boiler system:

1. Boiler Feed Water System

Water that converts into steam by vessel system known as Feed water & system that regulates feed water known as Feed water system.

There square measure 2 styles of feed water systems in boilers:

• Open feed System
• Closed feed system

There square measure2 main sources of feed water:

• Condensed steam came from the processes
• Raw water organized from outside the boiler plant processes (Called: Makeup Water)
• Boiler feed pump: Ring-section model with sound stage
• Multi Stage Boiler Feed pump

2. Boiler Steam System

Steam System is quite main dominant system of boiler method. Steam Systems square measure accountable to gather all generated steam within the method.

Steam systems send steam generated within the method to the purpose of use through pipes ( piping system). Throughout the method, steam pressure is controlled and controlled with the assistance of boiler system components like valves, steam pressure gauges etc.

3. Boiler equipment

Fueling is that the heart of boiler method consists of all needed|the mandatory} parts and instrumentation to feed fuel to get required heat. The instrumentation needed within the equipment depends on the sort of fuel employed in the system.

Boiler Applications

The Boilers have a really a large application in numerous industries like

1. Food Plant

Food should usually be heated or boiled through out process. so this industrial sector clearly desires lots of thermal energy. However, some steam applications square measure still stunning; a decent example is potato process.

2. Breweries

Most people apprehend that a decent and attractive Breweries consists of hops, malt and water. However, before enjoying the Breweries there’s a posh production method. Malt must be ground coarsely and mixed with water. The brewer calls this mashing. The mash should be heated to numerous temperatures in 2 to four hours. Steam generated with the vessel is generally used as a heat carrier. after, hops square measure else and also the mixture must relax. Then yeast is else and triggers the fermentation so the Breweries gets the specified result. once more when bottles or barrels are empty they’re unremarkable came to the still. in fact the breweries initial got to clean them before they’ll be refilled. For this method steam is once more needed to heat up the water required for cleanup.

3. Building materials Plant

Large amounts of steam also are necessary for the assembly of formed bricks. the fundamental materials like sand, lime, water, etc. square measure mixed and ironed to comparatively loose stone compounds. after, the stones square measure transported to an enormous pressure vessel (autoclave) that is then closed and steam is injected. The stones got to harden at a temperature of roughly two hundred °C and a pressure of regarding sixteen bar for a particular amount of your time and may then be withdrawn as finished stones.

4. Sewer pipe rehabilitation

What to try and do if there’s a drain leakage? This draw back will either be solved by means that of excavation works at the underground pipes and renewal of the waste product pipe systems or with rehabilitation tubes. These tubes square measure over dimension hoses that square measure inserted within the pipes while not excavation work so inflated with steam. The plastic hose attaches itself to the waste product pipe below application of pressure and temperature and also the pipe will still be used for several years.

Many different Industries uses of type boiler like :

• Power Sector
• Textiles
• Plywood
• Food process Plant
• F.M.C.G.
• Sugar Plants, etc